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BlueTide Project
A Million Tiny Lines
Key Points to Know About Marine Mammal Wildlife Conservation In the Salish Sea
What can YOU do to help protect whales and marine mammals? It is a question that is often brought up when I talk with passengers but not every time so I wanted to make more of a list here.
Reduce consumption of goods. Reduce, reuse, recycle, buy used items, and buy less. Also, buy locally made and manufactured items in North America (if living here). WHY? It reduces the transport of materials! A study in Haro strait recorded sound pollution from 1582 ships and found that HALF of all sound pollution comes from just 15% of the ships (15%=240 individual ships in this study). The majority of the 240 ships were the large cargo ships and container ships (Viers et al. 2018). Sound pollution can make it more difficult for the endangered southern residents to find the limited and small salmon available to them. With this, support these big ships being adapted with quieter technology and following speed reductions which is also associated with lowering sound pollution impact. Be conscious consumers: Most pollution in the water is from NON-point sources. It comes from rain water washing away fertilizers, pesticides, toxins from our cars, and persistent chemicals that bioaccumulate up food chains like flame retardants into lakes and oceans. These cause short term issues at the base of the food web and when bioaccumulated to top predators (our marine mammals) it leads to decreases in immunity, complications with reproductive hormones, and stunts development in babies. If we want J-35 Tahlequah to stop having still born calves that she carries around for 2-18 days, we NEED to pay attention to the chemicals we put in our water ways.
Reduce pesticide and fertilizer dependence- buy organic when possible.
Dispose of car chemicals responsibly and reduce oil leakage as much as possible.
Support local government implementing rain gardens to filter out contaminants being washed off our roads.
Pressure manufacturing companies to be responsible with their materials! We should not be using bioaccumulating toxins like flame retardants, PCBs, and more for as much as is currently done.
Avoid eating King/Chinook salmon, even in Alaska or B.C. Canada. Ocean form of King salmon are also referred to as Blackmouths. Salmon migrate and the salmon that are heading to Washington to help feed our orcas grow up in the waters outside of Alaska and Canada. Almost the entirety of Southern Residents diets are Chinook/King salmon with the second being Chum/Dog salmon. This is what species are big enough and fatty enough for them to have learned how to hunt. So INSTEAD, we should be eating the other delicious salmon species like Coho (Silver), Sockeye (Red), and Pink (Humpy) Salmon!
Promote responsible connections to the environment.
Support regulated fishing (commercial and recreational). Ending evolutionarily destructive practices like ‘salmon derbys’. In a salmon derby the person who brings in the biggest salmon wins prizes of thousands of dollars. However, this is a terrible conservation strategy as it is reducing the size of individual salmon each generation by fishing out the big fish genetics. Due to overfishing and derby practices, the size of an individual Chinook/King salmon has decreased by 50% over the last 50 years! This makes it harder for Southern Residents to find and catch their food but it also is detrimental to salmon breeding. The bigger females lay more eggs and thus would help increase future generation populations if allowed to survive to spawn.
Support responsible eco-tourist ventures (such as many of the whale watching companies in the Salish Sea!) that are in association with conservation and research groups.
Support habitat restoration.
Habitat restoration in the streams for salmon is a massive amount of work that is needed. Additionally, habitat restoration in removing derelict fishing gear! Abandoned crab pots, fishing lines and nets and more injure, entangle, and drown a large number of marine mammals every year. On the fisheries side, some estimates suggest that “ghost nets” capture and kill more fish that is then just lost at sea than the targeted fisheries that land and sell the fish.
Lobby and fight for the removal of salmon blocking dams! While many have fish ladders to help adults up, much of the problem is in fact the slowing of the migration of the baby salmon as they head out of the spawning grounds to the ocean. A consistent barrier of dams slows them down and blocks their path where they often die of starvation before making it to the other side.
Be a responsible boater. If boating in salt water, ALWAYS be aware and on the look out for whales in the area. If seen, slow down! Give space! This helps prevent ship strikes as well as disrupting whale behavior such as hunting, sleeping, and socializing. In Washington, boaters are allowed to drive a boat farther than 1000 yards from the Southern Residents, 200 yards or farther from the transient orcas, and 100 yards or farther from the baleen species. Don’t leap frog to place yourself in the whales path. If they suddenly change direction-disengage the engine (idle/neutral/off) so that the whales can safely move around your boat as they need. If within 1000 yards (½ mile) of any whale species it is a recommended practice to reduce speed to 7kts or less. Fly the whale flag to help slow other boaters down. Take your fishing gear out of the water so you don’t injure a whale.
Combat climate change and extreme fossil fuel use (present levels are extreme).
Vote for politicians and legislators who will support environmental initiatives and protected laws such as the Marine Mammal Protection Act as well as forward thinking efforts to reduce the level and impacts of climate change (such as warming waters and flooding precipitation in Washington). Reduce your own carbon footprint as much as possible-https://www.footprintcalculator.org/home/en. Climate change is a HUGE barrier to recovering salmon stock as the warmer waters and flooding streams (instead soft winter drizzles) is increasing the mortality rate of hatchlings. Warmer oceans decrease productivity. Instead of fatty zooplankton there is junk food zooplankton that cannot support as many fish to feed. This is leading to a lower quality in forage fish that cannot support as many salmon numbers nor seabirds or baleen whales. Warmer oceans and the impact on the base of the food chain has been linked to seabird die offs and unusual mortality events in gray whales. Fossil fuels not only cause climate change but for as long as oil is used, oil spills will inevitably happen and degrade our environment. Seismic surveys of the ocean floor for the oil and gas industries are another source of extremely loud pointed noise pollution that can cause hemorrhaging and death from fish to dolphins
Support Conservation & Research Organizations
Donating is a classic way to offer support; however, if funds are limited, volunteer work and citizen science programs are excellent ways to help. I am currently a volunteer for the Ocean Conservation Project’s L.A. Dolphin ID Catalogue, and I also contribute my photography and sightings data to local cetacean research groups, including Orca Network, Bay Cetology, Happy Whale, and the Salish Sea Minke Whale Project.
Conservation & Research Organizations to Support!
*Polar Bear International
*Manatee Rescue, Rehab, and Release
*Oceana
*Oregon Shores Conservation Coalition
*Sharks4Kids (My Dec. 2025 donation recipient)
*Upwell Turtles
*The Whale Interpretive Center
*Blue Ocean Watch Environmental
*Save the North Pacific Right Whales
*Hawaii Association for Marine Education and Research
*Coral Nuture Program
*Shark Conservation Fund
*Marine Megafauna Foundation
*Orca Conservancy
*Whale Wise
*National Marine Sanctuary Fund
*Manta Trust
*Ocean Wise
*Ocean Conservancy
*Ako'ako'a Reef Restoration Program
*R3 Animal
*4Ocean
*Blue Corner Marine Research
*Big Fish Lab
*National Marine Mammal Foundation
*Ocean Alliance
*Iceland Orca Project
*Sea Turtle Conservancy
*SANCCOB
*Whale Trust Maui
*Marine Conservation Institute
*Orca Network
*Whale Shark and Oceanic Research Center
*Saving the Blue
*Mission Blue
*Bay Cetology
*Whale Scout
*Orca Behavior Institute
*Long Live the Kings
*Center for Whale Research
*Oceans Initiative
*Coral Restoration Consortium
*Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
*Cascadia Research Collective
*California Killer Whale Project
*SeaLegacy
*BC Whales
*Marecet
*Marine Mammals of Maine
*The Marine Mammal Center
*The Salish Sea School
*Marine Life Studies
*The Otter Project (My Jan. 2026 donation recipient)
*Marine Education & Research Society
*Orca Lab
*UC Santa Cruz Long Marine Lab
*Humpbacks and Highrises
*Bird Life International
*SeaWatch Foundation
*The Australian Marine Conservation Society
*Whale & Dolphin Conservation North America
*Alaskan Whale Foundation
*Inwater Research Group
*Canada Whale Institute
*Alaska Sealife Center
*The Society for Marine Mammology
*Save Our Wild Salmon
*American Cetacean Society
*Marine Mammal Care Center
*Pacific Mammal Research
*Langely Whale Center
*Sealife Response, Rehabilitation, & Research (SR3)
*Minorities in Shark Science (MISS)
*Project Hiu
*Green Peace
*Summer Marine Mammal Intensive Learning Experiences (SMMILE)
*Wild Coast
*Wild Orca Organization
*Pacific Whale Foundation
Curious where this information comes from? Sources are grouped by topic below for further reading. This represents just a small portion of the research and knowledge I gained at the University of Washington College of the Environment :)
On Ship Noise & Ship Strikes- Reasons to Buy Local and Be A Responsible Boater:
*Veirs, Scott, et al. A Key to Quieter Seas: Half of Ship Noise Comes from 15% of the Fleet. 15 Feb. 2018, https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.26525v1.M.
*Scott Taylor, and Foster L Mayer. International Trade, Noise Pollution, and Killer Whales. 1 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.3386/w31390.Williams,
*Rob, et al. “Approaches to Reduce Noise from Ships Operating in Important Killer Whale Habitats.” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 139, Feb. 2019, pp. 459–469, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.015.Laist,
*David W., et al. “COLLISIONS between SHIPS and WHALES.” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 17, no. 1, Jan. 2001, pp. 35–75, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00980.x.
*NOAA Fisheries. “Understanding Vessel Strikes.” NOAA, 2019, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/understanding-vessel-strikes.
*Dolman, Sarah, et al. Vessel Collisions and Cetaceans: What Happens When They Don’t Miss the Boat. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, Sept. 2006.
*“Home.” Be Whale Wise, www.bewhalewise.org/.
*Shields, Monika W. “Commercial Whale-Watching Reduces Vessel Incidents in the Vicinity of Killer Whales in Washington State.” Marine Policy, vol. 145, Nov. 2022, p. 105290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105290.
On Toxicology, Non-Point Pollution, Bioaccumulation Effects, and Bioretention filters- This is what my undergraduate research was on, there are a lot of papers because this is a big issue
*Ross P., Ellis G., Ikonomou M., Barrett-Lennard L., Addison R. 2000. High PCB Concentrations in Free-Ranging Pacific Killer Whales, Orcinus orca: Effects of Age, Sex and Dietary Preference. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 40(6): 504-515US EPA, REG 10.
*“Toxics in the Food Web.” Www.epa.gov, 7 May 2013, www.epa.gov/salish-sea/toxics-food-web.
*NOAA Fisheries. “Southern Resident Killer Whale Calf Dies Days after Birth; Second Newborn Appears Healthy.” NOAA, 2025, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/southern-resident-killer-whale-calf-dies-days-after-birth-second-newborn-appears.
*“Toxic Flame Retardants.” Clean Water Action, 2026, cleanwater.org/toxic-flame-retardants. Accessed 22 Jan. 2026.
*“Tackling Toxics: Flame Retardants.” Wa.gov, 2019, ecology.wa.gov/blog/june-2014/tackling-toxics-flame-retardants. Accessed 22 Jan. 2026.
*Breivik, Knut, et al. “Primary Sources of Selected POPs: Regional and Global Scale Emission Inventories.” Environmental Pollution, vol. 128, no. 1-2, Mar. 2004, pp. 3–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.08.031. Accessed 27 May 2020.
*Tabinda, Bari, et al. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Sources, Types, Impacts, and Their Remediation. 1 Jan. 2021, pp. 213–246, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5499-5_8.
*Ashraf, Muhammad Aqeel. “Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): A Global Issue, a Global Challenge.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 24, no. 5, 15 Sept. 2015, pp. 4223–4227, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5225-9.
*Paasivirta, Jaakko. “New Types of Environmental POPs.” Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, vol. 66, no. 1-4, Apr. 1998, pp. 59–70, https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249809358584.
*Lundin, Jessica I., et al. “Modulation in Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentration and Profile by Prey Availability and Reproductive Status in Southern Resident Killer Whale Scat Samples.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 12, 8 June 2016, pp. 6506–6516, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00825.
*Lee, Kiah, et al. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Source Identification and a Maternal Transfer Case Study in Threatened Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) of British Columbia, Canada.” Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, 19 Dec. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45306-w.
*Khairy, Mohammed, et al. “Bioaccumulation of PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs in Marine Mammals from West Antarctica.” Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 8, 6 Dec. 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.768715.
*Desforges, Jean-Pierre, et al. “Effects of Polar Bear and Killer Whale Derived Contaminant Cocktails on Marine Mammal Immunity.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51, no. 19, 25 Sept. 2017, pp. 11431–11439, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03532.
*Krahn, Margaret M., et al. “Effects of Age, Sex and Reproductive Status on Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentrations in “Southern Resident” Killer Whales.” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 58, no. 10, Oct. 2009, pp. 1522–1529, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.05.014. Accessed 21 Oct. 2019.
*Lee, Kiah, et al. “Emerging Contaminants and New POPs (PFAS and HBCDD) in Endangered Southern Resident and Bigg’s (Transient) Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca): in Utero Maternal Transfer and Pollution Management Implications.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 57, no. 1, 13 Dec. 2022, pp. 360–374, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04126.
*Alava, Juan José, et al. “Food Web Bioaccumulation Model for Resident Killer Whales from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean as a Tool for the Derivation of PBDE-Sediment Quality Guidelines.” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 70, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2016, pp. 155–168, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26289814/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0215-y.
*Hickie, Brendan E., et al. “Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) Face Protracted Health Risks Associated with Lifetime Exposure to PCBs.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 41, no. 18, Sept. 2007, pp. 6613–6619, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0702519. Accessed 1 Nov. 2019.
*“What Is Nonpoint Pollution? | Willingboro Township, NJ.” Willingboronj.gov, 2024, www.willingboronj.gov/departments/public-works/stormwater-pollution-prevention/what-is-nonpoint-pollution. Accessed 22 Jan. 2026.
*Aatmeeyata S. M. 2010. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, elemental and organic carbon emissions from tire-wear. Science of the Total Environment 408:4563–8.
*DiBlasi CJ, Li H, Davis AP, Ghosh U. Removal and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants in an urban stormwater bioretention facility. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:494–502.
*Chapman C, Horner RR. Performance assessment of a street-drainage bioretention system. Water Environ Res 2010;82:109-19.
*McIntyre J.K., J.W. Davis, J.P. Incardona, J.D. Stark, B.F. Anulacion, and N.L. Scholz. 2014. Zebrafish and clean water technology: Assessing soil bioretention as a protective treatment for toxic urban runoff. Science of the Total Environment 500:173-180
*McIntyre JK, Davis JW, Incardona J, Anulacion BF, Stark JD, Scholz NL. Zebrafish and clean water technology: Assessing soil bioretention as a protective treatment for toxic urban runoff. Sci Total Environ 2014;500-501:173-180.
*McIntyre JK, Edmunds RC, Anulacion BF, Davis JW, Incardona JP, Stark JD, Scholz NL. Severe Coal Tar Sealcoat Runoff Toxicity to Fish is Prevented by Bioretention Filtration. Environ Sci Technol 2015a;50:1570-78
*McIntyre J.K., J.W. Davis, C. Hinman, K.H. Macneale,, B.F. Anulacion, N.L. Scholz, and J.D. Stark. 2015. Soil bioretention protects juvenile salmon and their prey from the toxic impacts of urban stormwater runoff. Chemosphere
*McIntyre J.K., R.C. Edmunds, M.G. Redig, E.M. Murdock, J.W. Davis, J.P. Incardona, J.D. Stark, and N.L. Scholz. 2016. Confirmation of Stormwater Bioretention Treatment Effectiveness Using Molecular Indicators of Cardiovascular Toxicity in Developing Fish. Environmental Science & Technology 50:1561-1569
*Palmer ET, Poor CJ, Hinman C, Stark JD. Nitrate and phosphate removal through enhanced bioretention media: mesocosm study. Water Environ Res 2013;85:823–32.
*Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT. Sources of fine organic aerosol. 3. Road dust, tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust — roads and sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 1993;27:1892–904
*Scholz NL, Myers MS, McCarthy SG, Labenia JS, McIntyre JK, Ylitalo GM, et al. Recurrent die-offs of adult coho salmon returning to spawn in Puget Sound lowland urban streams. PLoS One 2011;6:1–12.
*Adu, Joy, and Muthukrishna Vellaisamy Kumarasamy. “Assessing Non-Point Source Pollution Models: A Review.” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 27, no. 5, 30 May 2018, pp. 1913–1922, https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/76497
*Duda, A. M. “Addressing Nonpoint Sources of Water Pollution Must Become an International Priority.” Water Science and Technology, vol. 28, no. 3-5, 1 Aug. 1993, pp. 1–11, iwaponline.com/wst/article/28/3-5/1/4869/Addressing-Nonpoint-Sources-of-Water-Pollution, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0398.
On Salmon Abundance, Responsible Fisheries, and Dams/Habitat Restoration
*Ford J., Ellis G., Olesiuk P., Balcomb K. 2010. Linking killer whale survival and prey abundance: food limitation in the oceans' apex predator? Biology Letters. 6(1): 139-142
*Wasser, Samuel K., et al. “Population Growth Is Limited by Nutritional Impacts on Pregnancy Success in Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca).” PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 6, 29 June 2017, p. e0179824, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179824. Accessed 11 Oct. 2019.
*BIRKELAND, C, and P DAYTON. “The Importance in Fishery Management of Leaving the Big Ones.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 20, no. 7, July 2005, pp. 356–358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.015.
Hickson, Kevin. “Demise of the Kings.” Coastal Conservation Association, 27 Sept. 2021, www.joincca.org/demise-of-the-kings/.
“Declining Salish Sea Salmon, Increasingly Absent Endangered Orcas.” Wild Orca, 28 Sept. 2023, www.wildorca.org/declining-salish-sea-salmon-increasingly-absent-endangered-orcas/.
*United States Environmental Protection Agency. “Chinook Salmon | US EPA.” US EPA, 14 Dec. 2018, www.epa.gov/salish-sea/chinook-salmon.
*Losee, James P., et al. “Changing Salmon: An Analysis of Body Mass, Abundance, Survival, and Productivity Trends across 45 Years in Puget Sound.” Fish and Fisheries, 27 June 2019, https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12385.
*Ohlberger, Jan, et al. “Demographic Changes in Chinook Salmon across the Northeast Pacific Ocean.” Fish and Fisheries, vol. 19, no. 3, 27 Feb. 2018, pp. 533–546, https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12272.
*Ricker, W. E. “Changes in the Average Size and Average Age of Pacific Salmon.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 38, no. 12, 1 Dec. 1981, pp. 1636–1656, https://doi.org/10.1139/f81-213.
*Trudel, M, et al. “Distribution and Migration of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Derived from Coded Wire Tag Recoveries along the Continental Shelf of Western North America.” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 138, no. 6, 1 Nov. 2009, pp. 1369–1391, https://doi.org/10.1577/t08-181.1. Accessed 29 Feb. 2024.
*Fisheries, NOAA. “Ocean’s Influence on Salmon Plays out in Varied Returns to Different Rivers and Regions | NOAA Fisheries.” NOAA, 7 Feb. 2022, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/news/oceans-influence-salmon-plays-out-varied-returns-different-rivers-and-regions.
*Heard, William R, et al. Chinook Salmon - Trends in Abundance and Biological Characteristics. 1 Jan. 2007.
*Hanson, M. Bradley, et al. “Endangered Predators and Endangered Prey: Seasonal Diet of Southern Resident Killer Whales.” PLOS ONE, vol. 16, no. 3, 3 Mar. 2021, p. e0247031, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247031.
*Johnson, Amanda, et al. “FISHING GEAR INVOLVED in ENTANGLEMENTS of RIGHT and HUMPBACK WHALES.” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 21, no. 4, Oct. 2005, pp. 635–645, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01256.x. Accessed 25 Apr. 2019.
*Moore, Michael J. “How We Can All Stop Killing Whales: A Proposal to Avoid Whale Entanglement in Fishing Gear.” ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol. 76, no. 4, 10 Jan. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy194.
*Lebon, Kaitlin M., and Ryan P. Kelly. “Evaluating Alternatives to Reduce Whale Entanglements in Commercial Dungeness Crab Fishing Gear.” Global Ecology and Conservation, vol. 18, Apr. 2019, p. e00608, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00608.
*Good, Thomas P., et al. “Derelict Fishing Nets in Puget Sound and the Northwest Straits: Patterns and Threats to Marine Fauna.” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 60, no. 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 39–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.005.
*Gilardi, Kirsten V. K., et al. “Marine Species Mortality in Derelict Fishing Nets in Puget Sound, WA and the Cost/Benefits of Derelict Net Removal.” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 60, no. 3, 1 Mar. 2010, pp. 376–382, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X09004573, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.10.016. Accessed 13 Mar. 2020.
*Levin, Phillip S., and Nicholas Tolimieri. “Differences in the Impacts of Dams on the Dynamics of Salmon Populations.” Animal Conservation, vol. 4, no. 4, Nov. 2001, pp. 291–299, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1367943001001342.
*Marschall, Elizabeth A., et al. “Migration Delays Caused by Anthropogenic Barriers: Modeling Dams, Temperature, and Success of Migrating Salmon Smolts.” Ecological Applications, vol. 21, no. 8, Dec. 2011, pp. 3014–3031, https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0593.1.
*Northwest Power and Conservation Council. “Dams: Impacts on Salmon and Steelhead.” Www.nwcouncil.org, Northwest Power and Conservation Council, 2022, www.nwcouncil.org/reports/columbia-river-history/damsimpacts/.
*Bogaard, Joseph. “Save Our Wild Salmon - Why Remove the 4 Lower Snake River Dams?” Wildsalmon.org, 2004, www.wildsalmon.org/facts-and-information/why-remove-the-4-lower-snake-river-dams.html.
*“Hood Canal Bridge Assessment.” Long Live the Kings, 20 May 2025, lltk.org/projects/hood-canal-bridge-ecosystem-impact-assessment/.
*“Why Habitat Restoration?” North Olympic Salmon Coalition, 2020, nosc.org/restoration/. Accessed 22 Jan. 2026.
*“Restoring Salmon Habitat Promotes the Long-Term Health of Pacific Salmon Populations.” Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2021, www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/campaign-campagne/pss-ssp/stories-articles/2024-habitat-rest-eng.html.
*Buonanduci, Michele S., et al. “Forest Restoration Can Bolster Salmon Population Persistence under Climate Change.” Biological Conservation, vol. 305, 27 Mar. 2025, p. 111099, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111099.
*HONEA, JON M., et al. “Evaluating Habitat Effects on Population Status: Influence of Habitat Restoration on Spring-Run Chinook Salmon.” Freshwater Biology, vol. 54, no. 7, July 2009, pp. 1576–1592, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02208.x. Accessed 4 Nov. 2020.
On Climate Change and Impacts to Salmon as well as the Bottom of the Food Web
*Mantua, Nathan, et al. “Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow Extremes and Summertime Stream Temperature and Their Possible Consequences for Freshwater Salmon Habitat in Washington State.” Climatic Change, vol. 102, no. 1-2, 27 Apr. 2010, pp. 187–223, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9845-2.
*Rice, E., Dam, H. G., & Stewart, G. (2014). Impact of Climate Change on Estuarine Zooplankton: Surface Water Warming in Long Island Sound Is Associated with Changes in Copepod Size and Community Structure. Estuaries and Coasts, 38(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9770-0
*Österblom, H., Olsson, O., Blenckner, T., & Furness, R. W. (2008). Junk-food in marine ecosystems. Oikos, 117(7), 967–977. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16501.x.
*Wanless, S., Harris, M., Redman, P., & Speakman, J. (2005). Low energy values of fish as a probable cause of a major seabird breeding failure in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 294, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps294001
*Jones, T., Parrish, J. K., Peterson, W. T., Bjorkstedt, E. P., Bond, N. A., Ballance, L. T., Bowes, V., Hipfner, J. M., Burgess, H. K., Dolliver, J. E., Lindquist, K., Lindsey, J., Nevins, H. M., Robertson, R. R., Roletto, J., Wilson, L., Joyce, T., & Harvey, J. (2018). Massive Mortality of a Planktivorous Seabird in Response to a Marine Heatwave. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(7), 3193–3202. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076164.
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