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Episode Sources

⇢“Society for Marine Mammalogy.” Society for Marine Mammalogy, 16 Sept. 2025, web.archive.org/web/20251230043527/marinemammalscience.org/science-and-publications/list-marine-mammal-species-subspecies/.

⇢Bernd Würsig, and Dara N Orbach. Sex in Cetaceans. Springer Nature, 30 Oct. 2023.

⇢Goldbogen, Jeremy A., et al. “Scaling of Lunge-Feeding Performance in Rorqual Whales: Mass-Specific Energy Expenditure Increases with Body Size and Progressively Limits Diving Capacity.” Functional Ecology, vol. 26, no. 1, 13 Oct. 2011, pp. 216–226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01905.x.

⇢Espada, Rocío, et al. “Hybridization in the Wild between Tursiops Truncatus (Montagu 1821) and Delphinus Delphis (Linnaeus 1758).” PLOS ONE, vol. 14, no. 4, 16 Apr. 2019, p. e0215020, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215020. Accessed 19 Mar. 2021.

⇢“Wholphin.” Wikipedia, 7 Apr. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholphin.

⇢Gingerich, Philip D., et al. “Origin of Whales in Epicontinental Remnant Seas: New Evidence from the Early Eocene of Pakistan.” Science, vol. 220, no. 4595, 22 Apr. 1983, pp. 403–406, science.sciencemag.org/content/220/4595/403, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4595.403.

⇢Thewissen, J. G. M., and S. T. Hussain. “Origin of Underwater Hearing in Whales.” Nature, vol. 361, no. 6411, Feb. 1993, pp. 444–445, https://doi.org/10.1038/361444a0. Accessed 16 Oct. 2019.

⇢Dolphins replicating harbor porpoise frequencies-Cindy Elliser, Personal Communication at The Way of the Whale Conference- January 24, 2026

⇢Mustill, Tom. How to Speak Whale. Grand Central Publishing, 6 Sept. 2022.

⇢Young, Robert, and Annalisa Berta. The Little Book of Whales. Princeton University Press, 22 Oct. 2024.

⇢Bartick, Alex. “Orca Whale Stuck in Lagoon at Port Angeles Paper Mill Frees Itself.” KOMO, 26 May 2022, komonews.com/news/local/orca-whale-stuck-in-lagoon-at-port-angeles-paper-mill-frees-itself. Accessed 4 May 2026.

⇢Ford J., Ellis G., Olesiuk P., Balcomb K. 2010. Linking killer whale survival and prey abundance: food limitation in the oceans' apex predator? Biology Letters. 6(1): 139-142

⇢Wasser, Samuel K., et al. “Population Growth Is Limited by Nutritional Impacts on Pregnancy Success in Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca).” PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 6, 29 June 2017, p. e0179824, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179824. Accessed 11 Oct. 2019.

⇢BIRKELAND, C, and P DAYTON. “The Importance in Fishery Management of Leaving the Big Ones.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 20, no. 7, July 2005, pp. 356–358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.015.

⇢Hickson, Kevin. “Demise of the Kings.” Coastal Conservation Association, 27 Sept. 2021, www.joincca.org/demise-of-the-kings/.

⇢“Declining Salish Sea Salmon, Increasingly Absent Endangered Orcas.” Wild Orca, 28 Sept. 2023, www.wildorca.org/declining-salish-sea-salmon-increasingly-absent-endangered-orcas/.

⇢United States Environmental Protection Agency. “Chinook Salmon | US EPA.” US EPA, 14 Dec. 2018, www.epa.gov/salish-sea/chinook-salmon.

⇢Losee, James P., et al. “Changing Salmon: An Analysis of Body Mass, Abundance, Survival, and Productivity Trends across 45 Years in Puget Sound.” Fish and Fisheries, 27 June 2019, https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12385.

⇢Ohlberger, Jan, et al. “Demographic Changes in Chinook Salmon across the Northeast Pacific Ocean.” Fish and Fisheries, vol. 19, no. 3, 27 Feb. 2018, pp. 533–546, https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12272.

⇢Ricker, W. E. “Changes in the Average Size and Average Age of Pacific Salmon.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 38, no. 12, 1 Dec. 1981, pp. 1636–1656, https://doi.org/10.1139/f81-213.

⇢Trudel, M, et al. “Distribution and Migration of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Derived from Coded Wire Tag Recoveries along the Continental Shelf of Western North America.” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 138, no. 6, 1 Nov. 2009, pp. 1369–1391, https://doi.org/10.1577/t08-181.1. Accessed 29 Feb. 2024.

⇢Fisheries, NOAA. “Ocean’s Influence on Salmon Plays out in Varied Returns to Different Rivers and Regions | NOAA Fisheries.” NOAA, 7 Feb. 2022, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/news/oceans-influence-salmon-plays-out-varied-returns-different-rivers-and-regions.

⇢Heard, William R, et al. Chinook Salmon - Trends in Abundance and Biological Characteristics. 1 Jan. 2007.

⇢Hanson, M. Bradley, et al. “Endangered Predators and Endangered Prey: Seasonal Diet of Southern Resident Killer Whales.” PLOS ONE, vol. 16, no. 3, 3 Mar. 2021, p. e0247031, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247031.

⇢Mantua, Nathan, et al. “Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow Extremes and Summertime Stream Temperature and Their Possible Consequences for Freshwater Salmon Habitat in Washington State.” Climatic Change, vol. 102, no. 1-2, 27 Apr. 2010, pp. 187–223, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9845-2

⇢Levin, Phillip S., and Nicholas Tolimieri. “Differences in the Impacts of Dams on the Dynamics of Salmon Populations.” Animal Conservation, vol. 4, no. 4, Nov. 2001, pp. 291–299, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1367943001001342.

⇢Marschall, Elizabeth A., et al. “Migration Delays Caused by Anthropogenic Barriers: Modeling Dams, Temperature, and Success of Migrating Salmon Smolts.” Ecological Applications, vol. 21, no. 8, Dec. 2011, pp. 3014–3031, https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0593.1.

⇢Northwest Power and Conservation Council. “Dams: Impacts on Salmon and Steelhead.” Www.nwcouncil.org, Northwest Power and Conservation Council, 2022, www.nwcouncil.org/reports/columbia-river-history/damsimpacts/.

⇢Bogaard, Joseph. “Save Our Wild Salmon - Why Remove the 4 Lower Snake River Dams?” Wildsalmon.org, 2004, www.wildsalmon.org/facts-and-information/why-remove-the-4-lower-snake-river-dams.html.

⇢“Why Habitat Restoration?” North Olympic Salmon Coalition, 2020, nosc.org/restoration/. Accessed 22 Jan. 2026.

⇢“Restoring Salmon Habitat Promotes the Long-Term Health of Pacific Salmon Populations.” Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2021, www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/campaign-campagne/pss-ssp/stories-articles/2024-habitat-rest-eng.html.

⇢Buonanduci, Michele S., et al. “Forest Restoration Can Bolster Salmon Population Persistence under Climate Change.” Biological Conservation, vol. 305, 27 Mar. 2025, p. 111099, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111099.

⇢HONEA, JON M., et al. “Evaluating Habitat Effects on Population Status: Influence of Habitat Restoration on Spring-Run Chinook Salmon.” Freshwater Biology, vol. 54, no. 7, July 2009, pp. 1576–1592, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02208.x. Accessed 4 Nov. 2020.

Image Sources:

⇢Andrew Photos- Andrew Evans Racing US on Facebook.com

Species graphics provided by Blue Tide Project

⇢Video of Sei Whale- “Sei Whale Feeding Frenzy - Blue Planet - BBC Wildlife.” Www.youtube.com, www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOMzFFh3rEA.

⇢Blackfish Species Poster- Uko Gorter in “The Naming of Things: Blackfish.” Whale Tales, 2 Jan. 2020, whale-tales.org/the-naming-of-things-blackfish/.

⇢Blackfish Movie Poster-Cowperthwaite, Gabriela, et al. “Blackfish.” IMDb, 18 Oct. 2013, www.imdb.com/title/tt2545118/.

⇢Kevin Guertin. “Pakicetus.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Feb. 2025.

Art by Nobu Tamura in Johnson, Norman A., et al. “Combating the Assumption of Evolutionary Progress: Lessons from the Decay and Loss of Traits.” Evolution: Education and Outreach, vol. 5, no. 1, 25 Jan. 2012, pp. 128–138, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-011-0381-y.

⇢Martínez-Cáceres, Manuel, et al. “The Anatomy and Phylogenetic Affinities OfCynthiacetus Peruvianus, a Large Dorudon-like Basilosaurid (Cetacea, Mammalia) from the Late Eocene of Peru.” Geodiversitas, vol. 39, no. 1, Mar. 2017, pp. 7–163, https://doi.org/10.5252/g2017n1a1.

⇢“Basilosaurid | Fossil Mammal | Britannica.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2020, www.britannica.com/animal/basilosaurid.

⇢Gorter, Uko in “Killer Whale and Beaked Whale Posters.” NOAA, 2024, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/outreach-and-education/killer-whale-and-beaked-whale-posters.

⇢“Iconic Orcas: A Deep Dive into This Enigmatic Species.” ORCA, 2 Feb. 2024, orca.org.uk/news-blog/iconic-orcas-a-deep-dive-into-this-enigmatic-species.

⇢“Wandering Young Orca Spends Night in Lagoon near Paper Mill.” KIRO 7 News Seattle, 24 May 2022, www.kiro7.com/news/local/wandering-young-orca-spends-night-lagoon-near-paper-mill/QYJMQMVSN5BETLLIPNC4TJPWLU/. Accessed 4 May 2026.

⇢“SR3 Responds to Entangled Killer Whale.” SR3 | SeaLife Response + Rehabilitation + Research, 28 July 2023, www.sealifer3.org/impact-stories/sr3-responds-to-entangled-killer-whale.

⇢“Transient Orca Frees Itself after More than 7 Hours of Being Entangled in a Crab Pot.” King5.com, KING, 7 July 2023, www.king5.com/article/tech/science/environment/orcas/orca-freed-entangled-crab-pot-saratoga-passage/281-37ea6038-1a18-461a-a056-74752f10c259. Accessed 4 May 2026.

⇢“Meet the Transient Orcas — Bigg’s Killer Whales — of Puget Sound.” Our Wild Puget Sound, www.ourwildpugetsound.com/journal/meet-the-transient-orcas-biggs-killer-whales-of-puget-sound.

⇢“Meet the Southern Residents.” Orca Conservancy, www.orcaconservancy.org/meet-the-southern-residents.

⇢“Meet The Whales.” The Whale Museum, whalemuseum.org/collections/meet-the-whales.

⇢“Southern Resident Killer Whales | Orca Behavior Institute.” Orcabehaviorinstitute.org, 2019, www.orcabehaviorinstitute.org/southern-resident-killer-whales.

⇢Oke, K. B., et al. “Recent Declines in Salmon Body Size Impact Ecosystems and Fisheries.” Nature Communications, vol. 11, no. 1, 19 Aug. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17726-z.

⇢Northwest Fisheries Science Center. “Ocean’s Influence on Salmon Plays out in Varied Returns to Different Rivers and Regions | NOAA Fisheries.” NOAA, 7 Feb. 2022, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/news/oceans-influence-salmon-plays-out-varied-returns-different-rivers-and-regions

⇢“About Chinook Salmon | Coastal Chinook Research and Monitoring Program.” Oregonstate.edu, 2015, odfw-ccrmp.forestry.oregonstate.edu/about-chinook-salmon.