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Episode Sources:
⇢“Mission.” Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 19 Nov. 2025, seashepherd.org/mission/.
⇢Tex, Si. “Standing up for Direct Action: Paul Watson v. Sea Shepherds.” Freedom News, 29 Sept. 2022, freedomnews.org.uk/2022/09/29/standing-up-for-direct-action-paul-watson-v-sea-shepherds/
⇢Theriault, Gil. “OPINION | Captain Paul Watson: The Grand Illusion behind Sea Shepherd’s Founder.” Baird Maritime / Work Boat World, 4 July 2025, www.bairdmaritime.com/fishing/regulation-enforcement/opinion-captain-paul-watson-the-grand-illusion-behind-sea-shepherds-founder. Accessed 19 Mar. 2026.
⇢United Nations. “UN Court Rules against Japan’s Whaling Activities in the Antarctic.” UN News, 31 Mar. 2014, news.un.org/en/story/2014/03/465062.
⇢Suydam, Robert, and J.C. George. “Current Indigenous Whaling.” The Bowhead Whale, 2021, pp. 519–535, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818969-6.00032-7.
⇢Carroll Geoffry. “Utilization of the Bowhead Whale.” MFR Paper 1196. From Marine Fisheries Review, Vol. 38, No.8, August 1976. https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-content/MFR/mfr388/mfr3883.pdf
⇢“Catch Limits.” Iwc.int, iwc.int/management-and-conservation/whaling/aboriginal/html_76.
⇢“Long-Finned Pilot Whale - NAMMCO.” NAMMCO, 2016, nammco.no/long-finned-pilot-whale/.
⇢“Total Catches.” Iwc.int, 2026, iwc.int/management-and-conservation/whaling/total-catches-old. Accessed 19 Mar. 2026.
⇢International Whaling Commission. “Commercial Whaling.” Iwc.int, 2023, iwc.int/management-and-conservation/whaling/commercial.
⇢“Status of Whales.” Iwc.int, iwc.int/about-whales/population-status.
⇢NOAA Fisheries. “Minke Whale.” Noaa.gov, 2016, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/minke-whale.
⇢Rocha, Jr., Robert C., et al. “Emptying the Oceans: A Summary of Industrial Whaling Catches in the 20th Century.” Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 76, no. 4, 3 Mar. 2015, pp. 37–48, spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/mfr764/mfr7643.pdf, https://doi.org/10.7755/mfr.76.4.3.
⇢Kirkwood, J. K., et al. “Entanglement in Fishing Gear and Other Causes of Death in Cetaceans Stranded on the Coasts of England and Wales.” Veterinary Record, vol. 141, no. 4, 26 July 1997, pp. 94–98, https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.141.4.94.
⇢Moore, Michael J., and Julie M. van der Hoop. “The Painful Side of Trap and Fixed Net Fisheries: Chronic Entanglement of Large Whales.” Journal of Marine Biology, vol. 2012, 2012, pp. 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/230653.
⇢Peltier, Hélène, et al. “Monitoring of Marine Mammal Strandings along French Coasts Reveals the Importance of Ship Strikes on Large Cetaceans: A Challenge for the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive.” Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 6, 31 July 2019, www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00486/full, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00486.
⇢Cates, Kelly et al. “Strategic Plan to Mitigate the Impacts of Ship Strikes on Cetacean Populations: 2017-2020.” ResearchGate, 2017, www.researchgate.net/publication/332539367_Strategic_Plan_to_Mitigate_the_Impacts_of_Ship_Strikes_on_Cetacean_Populations_2017-2020
⇢Winkler, Christina, et al. Global Numbers of Ship Strikes: An Assessment of Collisions between Vessels and Cetaceans Using Available Data in the IWC Ship Strike Database. Report to the International Whaling Commission, IWC/68B/SC HIM09. 33pp. 7 July 2020, www.researchgate.net/publication/342734400_Global_Numbers_of_Ship_Strikes_An_Assessment_of_Collisions_Between_Vessels_and_Cetaceans_Using_Available_Data_in_the_IWC_Ship_Strike_Database_Report_to_the_International_Whaling_Commission_IWC68BSC_HI
⇢Solomando, Antònia, et al. “Evaluating the Presence of Marine Litter in Cetaceans Stranded in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean Sea).” Biology, vol. 11, no. 10, 6 Oct. 2022, p. 1468, https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11101468. Accessed 10 Nov. 2022.
⇢Baulch, Sarah, and Clare Perry. “Evaluating the Impacts of Marine Debris on Cetaceans.” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 80, no. 1-2, Mar. 2014, pp. 210–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.050.
⇢Nara de Oliveira-Ferreira, et al. “Long-Term Consequences of High Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure: Projected Decline of Delphinid Populations in a Hotspot for Chemical Pollution.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 55, no. 22, 2 Nov. 2021, pp. 15149–15161, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03837.
⇢Sun, Xian, et al. “Long-Term Increase in Mortality of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa Chinensis) in the Pearl River Estuary Following Anthropic Activities: Evidence from the Stranded Dolphin Mortality Analysis from 2003 to 2017.” Environmental Pollution, vol. 307, Aug. 2022, p. 119526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119526. Accessed 6 Sept. 2022.
⇢Exposure to a Mixture of Toxic Chemicals: Implications for the Health of Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales. 2016, www.webapps.nwfsc.noaa.gov/assets/25/8314_11302016_111957_TechMemo135.pdf, https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/TM-NWFSC-135.
⇢Lee, Kiah, et al. “Emerging Contaminants and New POPs (PFAS and HBCDD) in Endangered Southern Resident and Bigg’s (Transient) Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca): in Utero Maternal Transfer and Pollution Management Implications.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 57, no. 1, 13 Dec. 2022, pp. 360–374, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04126.
⇢Cheeseman, Ted, et al. “Bellwethers of Change: Population Modelling of North Pacific Humpback Whales from 2002 through 2021 Reveals Shift from Recovery to Climate Response.” Royal Society Open Science, vol. 11, no. 2, 1 Feb. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.231462
⇢Flores, H, et al. “Impact of Climate Change on Antarctic Krill.” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 458, 3 July 2012, pp. 1–19, www.int-res.com/articles/feature/m458p001.pdf, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09831.
⇢Savoca, Matthew S, et al. “Whale Recovery and the Emerging Human-Wildlife Conflict over Antarctic Krill.” Nature Communications, vol. 15, no. 1, 10 Sept. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51954-x.
⇢“Conserving Antarctic Krill – Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition.” Asoc.org, 2017, www.asoc.org/campaign/conserving-antarctic-krill/.
⇢Tulloch, Vivitskaia J. D., et al. “Future Recovery of Baleen Whales Is Imperiled by Climate Change.” Global Change Biology, vol. 25, no. 4, 26 Feb. 2019, pp. 1263–1281, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14573.
⇢Wiedenmann, John, et al. “Exploring the Effects of Reductions in Krill Biomass in the Southern Ocean on Blue Whales Using a State-Dependent Foraging Model.” Ecological Modelling, vol. 222, no. 18, Sept. 2011, pp. 3366–3379, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.07.013.
⇢Trathan, Philip N., et al. “Integrating the Needs of Recovering Populations of Baleen Whales into the Revised Management Framework for the Commercial Fishery for Antarctic Krill.” Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 11, 20 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1458042.
⇢Kawaguchi, So, et al. “Climate Change Impacts on Antarctic Krill Behaviour and Population Dynamics.” Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, vol. 5, 19 Dec. 2023, pp. 1–16, www.nature.com/articles/s43017-023-00504-y#:~:text=, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00504-y.
⇢National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Point vs. Non-Point Water Pollution: What’s the Difference? | Response.restoration.noaa.gov.” Noaa.gov, 2016, response.restoration.noaa.gov/point-vs-non-point-water-pollution-what-s-difference.
⇢Mochon, Daniel, and Janet Schwartz. “The Confrontation Effect: When Users Engage More with Ideology-Inconsistent Content Online.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 185, 5 Oct. 2024, pp. 104366–104366, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S074959782400058X?dgcid=author, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2024.104366.
⇢Kozyreva, Anastasia, et al. “Critical Ignoring as a Core Competence for Digital Citizens.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 32, no. 1, 8 Nov. 2022, pp. 81–88, https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214221121570.
⇢Dunaway, Roger. “Rage Clicks: Study Shows How Political Outrage Fuels Social Media Engagement.” Tulane University News, 9 Oct. 2024, news.tulane.edu/pr/rage-clicks-study-shows-how-political-outrage-fuels-social-media-engagement
⇢“Certain and Wrong: Why False Facts Feel True.” American Scientist, 25 Nov. 2025, www.americanscientist.org/blog/from-the-staff/certain-and-wrong-why-false-facts-feel-true. Accessed 20 Mar. 2026.
⇢Roy, Sutirtho. “Conservation Imbalance: Charismatic Megafauna V/S the Rest.” Wildlife SOS, 21 Aug. 2025, news.wildlifesos.org/conservation-imbalance-charismatic-megafauna-v-s-the-rest/.
Image Sources:
⇢Whale Wars Poster- “Whale Wars.” IMDb, 7 Nov. 2008, www.imdb.com/title/tt1195419/.
⇢Paul Watson Photo-“Eat for the Planet - Can Seafood Be Sustainable? Captain Paul Watson of Sea Shepherd on How to Save the Oceans.” Eat for the Planet, eftp.co/paul-watson.
⇢Boats crashing- “Sea Shepherd Rams Harpoon Ship While under Sonic Attack.” Indybay, www.indybay.org/newsitems/2009/02/06/18568548.php.
⇢Whales killed per decade graph- “Number of Whales Killed Globally per Decade.” Our World in Data, ourworldindata.org/grapher/whales-killed-per-decade.
⇢Blue whale vs minke whale- adapted from “What Is the Biggest Whale? | Smithsonian Ocean.” Ocean.si.edu, ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/marine-mammals/what-largest-whale-cetacea-size-comparison-chart.
⇢Entanglement photo- Image credit to International Whaling Commission in Dolman, Sarah J., and Michael J. Moore. “Welfare Implications of Cetacean Bycatch and Entanglements.” Marine Mammal Welfare, 2017, pp. 41–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46994-2_4.
⇢Shipstrike photo- Image credit to Shane Keena Photography in Stelle, Lei Lani, and Melodi King. Whale MAPP: Engaging Citizen Scientists to Contribute and Map Marine Mammal Sightings. 1 Aug. 2015, www.researchgate.net/publication/300213066_Whale_mAPP_Engaging_Citizen_Scientists_to_Contribute_and_Map_Marine_Mammal_Sightings.
⇢Gray whale numbers- Fisheries, NOAA. “Gray Whale Population Abundance | NOAA Fisheries.” NOAA, 7 Oct. 2022, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/science-data/gray-whale-population-abundance.
⇢Plastic consumption image- Adapted from “Plastic in Our Oceans Is Killing Marine Mammals.” The Australian Museum, 18 Dec. 2018, australian.museum/blog/museullaneous/plastic-in-our-oceans-is-killing-marine-mammals/.
⇢Bioaccumulation/magnification image-“Learn.” Orca Conservancy, www.orcaconservancy.org/learn.
⇢Deforestation image- Alexandrapopescu. “Soy Giants Quietly Prepare for EU Deforestation Law; Impacts Still Uncertain.” Mongabay Environmental News, 12 Nov. 2025, news.mongabay.com/2025/11/soy-giants-quietly-prepare-for-eu-deforestation-law-impacts-still-uncertain/.
⇢Krill harvest-Goodman, Joshua. “Factory Fishing in Antarctica for Krill Targets the Cornerstone of a Fragile Ecosystem.” Quartz, 13 Oct. 2023, qz.com/factory-fishing-in-antarctica-for-krill-targets-the-cor-1850924304.